单片机 Modbus 多机通信程序设计

给从机下发不同的指令，从机去执行不同的操作，这个就是判断一下功能码即可，和我们前边学的实用串口例程是类似的。多机通信，无非就是添加了一个设备地址判断而已，难度也不大。我们找了一个 Modbus 调试精灵，通过设置设备地址，读写寄存器的地址以及数值数量等参数，可以直接替代串口调试助手，比较方便的下发多个字节的数据，如图18-7所示。我们先来就图中的设置和数据来对 Modbus 做进一步的分析，图中的数据来自于调试精灵与我们接下来要讲的例程之间的交互。

图18-7 Modbus 调试精灵

如图，我们的 USB 转 RS485 模块虚拟出的是 COM5，波特率9600，无校验位，数据位是8位，1位停止位，设备地址假设为1。

写寄存器的时候，如果我们要把01写到一个地址是0000的寄存器地址里，点一下“写入”，就会出现发送指令：01 06 00 00 00 01 48 0A。我们来分析一下这帧数据，其中01是设备地址，06是功能码，代表写寄存器这个功能，后边跟00 00表示的是要写入的寄存器的地址，00 01就是要写入的数据，48 0A就是 CRC 校验码，这是软件自动算出来的。而根据 Modbus 协议，当写寄存器的时候，从机成功完成该指令的操作后，会把主机发送的指令直接返回，我们的调试精灵会接收到这样一帧数据：01 06 00 00 00 01 48 0A。

假如我们现在要从寄存器地址0002开始读取寄存器，并且读取的数量是2个。点一下“读出”，就会出现发送指令：01 03 00 02 00 02 65 CB。其中01是设备地址，03是功能码，代表读寄存器这个功能，00 02就是读寄存器的起始地址，后一个00 02就是要读取2个寄存器的数值，65 CB就是 CRC 校验。而接收到的数据是：01 03 04 00 00 00 00 FA 33。其中01是设备地址，03是功能码，04代表的是后边读到的数据字节数是4个，00 00 00 00分别是地址00 02和00 03的寄存器内部的数据，而 FA 33 就是 CRC 校验了。

似乎越来越明朗了，所谓的 Modbus 通信协议，无非就是主机下发了不同的指令，从机根据指令的判断来执行不同的操作而已。由于我们的开发板没有 Modbus 功能码那么多相应的功能，我们在程序中定义了一个数组 regGroup[5]，相当于5个寄存器，此外又定义了第6个寄存器，控制蜂鸣器，通过下发不同的指令我们改变寄存器组的数据或者改变蜂鸣器的开关状态。在 Modbus 协议里寄存器的地址和数值都是16位的，即2个字节，我们默认高字节是 0x00，低字节就是数组 regGroup 对应的值。其中地址 0x0000 到 0x0004 对应的就是 regGroup数组中的元素，我们写入的同时把数字又显示到 1602 液晶上，而 0x0005 这个地址，写入 0x00，蜂鸣器就不响，写入任何其它数值，蜂鸣器就报警。我们单片机的主要工作也就是解析串口接收的数据执行不同操作。 /*Lcd1602.c 文件程序源代码***/ （此处省略，可参考之前章节的代码） /****RS485.c 文件程序源代码*****/ （此处省略，可参考之前章节的代码） /****CRC16.c 文件程序源代码****/

/*CRC16计算函数，ptr-数据指针，len-数据长度，返回值-计算出的CRC16数值*/unsignedintGetCRC16(unsignedchar*ptr,unsignedcharlen){unsignedintindex;unsignedcharcrch=0xFF;//高CRC字节unsignedcharcrcl=0xFF;//低CRC字节unsignedcharcodeTabH[]={//CRC高位字节值表0x00,0xC1,0x81,0x40,0x01,0xC0,0x80,0x41,0x01,0xC0,0x80,0x41,0x00,0xC1,0x81,0x40,0x01,0xC0,0x80,0x41,0x00,0xC1,0x81,0x40,0x00,0xC1,0x81,0x40,0x01,0xC0,0x80,0x41,0x01,0xC0,0x80,0x41,0x00,0xC1,0x81,0x40,0x00,0xC1,0x81,0x40,0x01,0xC0,0x80,0x41,0x00,0xC1,0x81,0x40,0x01,0xC0,0x80,0x41,0x01,0xC0,0x80,0x41,0x00,0xC1,0x81,0x40,0x01,0xC0,0x80,0x41,0x00,0xC1,0x81,0x40,0x00,0xC1,0x81,0x40,0x01,0xC0,0x80,0x41,0x00,0xC1,0x81,0x40,0x01,0xC0,0x80,0x41,0x01,0xC0,0x80,0x41,0x00,0xC1,0x81,0x40,0x00,0xC1,0x81,0x40,0x01,0xC0,0x80,0x41,0x01,0xC0,0x80,0x41,0x00,0xC1,0x81,0x40,0x01,0xC0,0x80,0x41,0x00,0xC1,0x81,0x40,0x00,0xC1,0x81,0x40,0x01,0xC0,0x80,0x41,0x01,0xC0,0x80,0x41,0x00,0xC1,0x81,0x40,0x00,0xC1,0x81,0x40,0x01,0xC0,0x80,0x41,0x00,0xC1,0x81,0x40,0x01,0xC0,0x80,0x41,0x01,0xC0,0x80,0x41,0x00,0xC1,0x81,0x40,0x00,0xC1,0x81,0x40,0x01,0xC0,0x80,0x41,0x01,0xC0,0x80,0x41,0x00,0xC1,0x81,0x40,0x01,0xC0,0x80,0x41,0x00,0xC1,0x81,0x40,0x00,0xC1,0x81,0x40,0x01,0xC0,0x80,0x41,0x00,0xC1,0x81,0x40,0x01,0xC0,0x80,0x41,0x01,0xC0,0x80,0x41,0x00,0xC1,0x81,0x40,0x01,0xC0,0x80,0x41,0x00,0xC1,0x81,0x40,0x00,0xC1,0x81,0x40,0x01,0xC0,0x80,0x41,0x01,0xC0,0x80,0x41,0x00,0xC1,0x81,0x40,0x00,0xC1,0x81,0x40,0x01,0xC0,0x80,0x41,0x00,0xC1,0x81,0x40,0x01,0xC0,0x80,0x41,0x01,0xC0,0x80,0x41,0x00,0xC1,0x81,0x40};unsignedcharcodeTabL[]={//CRC低位字节值表0x00,0xC0,0xC1,0x01,0xC3,0x03,0x02,0xC2,0xC6,0x06,0x07,0xC7,0x05,0xC5,0xC4,0x04,0xCC,0x0C,0x0D,0xCD,0x0F,0xCF,0xCE,0x0E,0x0A,0xCA,0xCB,0x0B,0xC9,0x09,0x08,0xC8,0xD8,0x18,0x19,0xD9,0x1B,0xDB,0xDA,0x1A,0x1E,0xDE,0xDF,0x1F,0xDD,0x1D,0x1C,0xDC,0x14,0xD4,0xD5,0x15,0xD7,0x17,0x16,0xD6,0xD2,0x12,0x13,0xD3,0x11,0xD1,0xD0,0x10,0xF0,0x30,0x31,0xF1,0x33,0xF3,0xF2,0x32,0x36,0xF6,0xF7,0x37,0xF5,0x35,0x34,0xF4,0x3C,0xFC,0xFD,0x3D,0xFF,0x3F,0x3E,0xFE,0xFA,0x3A,0x3B,0xFB,0x39,0xF9,0xF8,0x38,0x28,0xE8,0xE9,0x29,0xEB,0x2B,0x2A,0xEA,0xEE,0x2E,0x2F,0xEF,0x2D,0xED,0xEC,0x2C,0xE4,0x24,0x25,0xE5,0x27,0xE7,0xE6,0x26,0x22,0xE2,0xE3,0x23,0xE1,0x21,0x20,0xE0,0xA0,0x60,0x61,0xA1,0x63,0xA3,0xA2,0x62,0x66,0xA6,0xA7,0x67,0xA5,0x65,0x64,0xA4,0x6C,0xAC,0xAD,0x6D,0xAF,0x6F,0x6E,0xAE,0xAA,0x6A,0x6B,0xAB,0x69,0xA9,0xA8,0x68,0x78,0xB8,0xB9,0x79,0xBB,0x7B,0x7A,0xBA,0xBE,0x7E,0x7F,0xBF,0x7D,0xBD,0xBC,0x7C,0xB4,0x74,0x75,0xB5,0x77,0xB7,0xB6,0x76,0x72,0xB2,0xB3,0x73,0xB1,0x71,0x70,0xB0,0x50,0x90,0x91,0x51,0x93,0x53,0x52,0x92,0x96,0x56,0x57,0x97,0x55,0x95,0x94,0x54,0x9C,0x5C,0x5D,0x9D,0x5F,0x9F,0x9E,0x5E,0x5A,0x9A,0x9B,0x5B,0x99,0x59,0x58,0x98,0x88,0x48,0x49,0x89,0x4B,0x8B,0x8A,0x4A,0x4E,0x8E,0x8F,0x4F,0x8D,0x4D,0x4C,0x8C,0x44,0x84,0x85,0x45,0x87,0x47,0x46,0x86,0x82,0x42,0x43,0x83,0x41,0x81,0x80,0x40};while(len--){//计算指定长度的CRCindex=crch^*ptr++;crch=crcl^TabH[index];crcl=TabL[index];}return((crch<<8)"crcl);}