基于电磁耦合阵列定位的无线电能传输装置设计

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关键词： 无线电能传输； 电磁耦合阵列； 传输效率； 电磁耦合； 传输距离

随着用电设备的增加，电线和插座也随之大量制造和使用，造成大量物质和能源的消耗，导致环境污染。传统电能传输采用有线传输方式,但在很多场合并不适用，如深海作业机器人、心脏起搏器、磁悬浮列车等[1-3]。电能无线传输一直是人类的梦想,国内外科学家在此领域进行了不断的研究与探索。
目前，无线电能传输主要有三种方式[4-5]：(1)微波电能传输方式。该方式利用无线电波收发原理，通过对载波进行调制与解调实现传输电能，传输功率只能在几毫瓦至一百毫瓦之间，应用范围不大；(2)电磁感应无线电能传输方式。该方式利用变压器原副边耦合原理，通过交变电场和磁场传输电能，传输功率大、效率高，但距离很近,仅在1 cm内，目前已在轨道交通等方面应用；(3)谐振耦合电能无线传输方式,它是前两种的综合方式。该方式利用电路中电感电容谐振原理传输电能，理论上电能的传输功率、传输距离不受限制。
　 本文提出了一种基于电磁耦合阵列定位的无线电能传输技术，并在此基础上完成了对该装置的研制。实验表明，通过微处理器完成对环形电磁耦合阵列线圈与接收线圈耦合度的检测，控制只对耦合度最高的线圈供电，使得用电设备无论处于何种方向，总有一个发送线圈与用电设备的接收线圈接近于全耦合，保证了电能传输的高效率。
1 谐振耦合模型
　 为了便于分析谐振耦合过程的发生，本文仅取一组发生谐振耦合的收发线圈LS与LD进行等效电路分析。由于功率发送设备采用的均为高频信号发射[6]，所以收发线圈的寄生电阻和电容是不可忽视的，其等效模型如图1所示。其中D表示收发线圈之间的距离，M表示收发线圈之间的互感系数。

本文提出的基于电磁耦合阵列定位的无线电能传输技术，在设计中加入了由多个发送线圈组成的电磁耦合阵列，再经控制系统搜索耦合程度最大的线圈,从而锁定由该线圈独立供电，使无线电能传输过程中的效率始终保持最高。
2 电磁耦合阵列定位
基于电磁耦合阵列定位的无线电能传输装置整体结构设计如图2所示。通过微处理器控制电磁耦合阵列中每个线圈单独供电并检测供电电流，由微处理器搜索到耦合程度最大的线圈从而锁定由该线圈独立供电。接收线圈通过电磁感应接收能量,并通过桥式整流器给用电设备供电。电磁耦合阵列由多个发送线圈组成，其空间结构如图3所示。

微处理器完成数据采集与控制指令的发出，电磁耦合阵列与接收线圈之间形成电磁耦合，接收线圈通过桥式整流器将接收到的交流信号进行整流。A/D转换器将整流后的直流电压送入微处理器进行分析与处理，最后由微处理器送出控制指令。电磁耦合阵列电气连接图如图4所示。